How Trade Agreements Are Made

Have US-Japan Trade Agreements Made a Difference?

The few existing empirical studies of U.S.-Japan trade agreements have relied primarily on descriptive statistics or univariate time series methods. We conduct a more powerful test by evaluating agreements in the context of well-specified econometric models. Consistent with trade theory, import demand is modeled as a cointegrating relationship with income and relative price variables, where a t...

Bilateral Free Trade Agreements – How do Countries Choose Partners?

While the debate on whether countries should or should not sign trade agreements with selected partners continues, governments have significantly stepped up the rate at which they enter into such agreements. A number of such agreements have been signed lately and many more are under negotiation. Multinational firms get impacted by these agreements irrespective of whether these are beneficial to...

How Fertilizer Recommendations Are Made

Recommendation, as we use the word here, means advice from a soil or crop specialist to those deciding how much of, what form of, and when to apply a fertilizer to a soil to benefit growth of a plant or crop. Recommendations of fertilizers and soil amendments must consider the interactions of all the factors discussed in this manual, including the soil, the crop, the climate, the beneficial eff...

Preferential Trade Agreements

Regional Trade Agreements: Effects on Trade

positive or negative effects on trade depending on their design and implementation. Analysis in this chapter confirms that gains from a preferential trade agreement cannot be taken for granted; moreover, even in agreements with positive impacts on average incomes, not all members are assured of increases. The interesting policy question then is not whether RTAs are categorically good or bad, bu...